Associations of Triglycerides and Atherogenic Index of Plasma with Brain Structure in the Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults.

Triglyceride (TG) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) have been acknowledged to be risk factors for vascular insults, but their impacts on the brain system remain elusive. To fill in some gaps, we investigated associations of TG and AIP with brain structure, leveraging the UK Biobank database. TG and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were examined at baseline and AIP was calculated as log (TG/HDL-C). We build several linear regression models to estimate associations of TG and AIP with volumes of brain grey matter phenotypes. Significant inverse associations of TG and AIP with volumes of specific subcortical traits were observed, among which TG and AIP were most significantly associated with caudate nucleus (TG: ß [95% confidence interval CI] = -0.036 [-0.051, -0.022], AIP: -0.038 [-0.053, -0.023]), thalamus (-0.029 [-0.042, -0.017], -0.032 [-0.045, -0.019]). Higher TG and AIP were also considerably related with reduced cortical structure volumes, where two most significant associations of TG and AIP were with insula (TG: -0.035 [-0.048, -0.022], AIP: -0.038 [-0.052, -0.025]), superior temporal gyrus (-0.030 [-0.043, -0.017], -0.033 [-0.047, -0.020]). Modification effects of sex and regular physical activity on the associations were discovered as well. Our findings show adverse associations of TG and AIP with grey matter volumes, which has essential public health implications for early prevention in neurodegenerative diseases.

Treatment outcomes in post-stroke shoulder-hand syndrome: The role of combined acupuncture, traditional Chinese herb hot compress and rehabilitation training.

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture, traditional Chinese herb hot compress and rehabilitation training is useful in post-stroke shoulder-hand syndrome (SHS), but it is less commonly used in combination. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the therapeutic efficacy of a combination of acupuncture, traditional Chinese herb hot compress and rehabilitation training in SHS patients. METHOD: Patients diagnosed with post-stroke SHS and treated from January 2022 to March 2023 at Beijing Friendship Hospital and Beijing Pinggu Hospital were selected and randomly divided into three groups (A, B and C). Group A received conventional rehabilitative treatment (35 cases), Group B underwent conventional rehabilitative treatment + acupuncture (35 cases), and Group C received conventional rehabilitative treatment + acupuncture + traditional Chinese herb hot compress treatment (35 cases). The post-treatment effectiveness rate, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, activities of daily living (ADL) score, Fugel-Meyer assessment (FMA) score, SHS assessment scale (SHSS) score and shoulder joint mobility were compared among the three groups. RESULTS: The post-treatment VAS score (FVAS score= 232.512, P< 0.001), FMA score (FFMA score= 239.412, P< 0.001), ADL score (FADL score= 412.634, P< 0.001), SHSS score (FSHSS score= 212.542, P< 0.001) and shoulder joint mobility (FShoulder Joint Mobility= 197.531, P< 0.001) all showed statistically significant differences. The VAS and SHSS scores decreased in the order of Group A > Group B > Group C, while the FMA, ADL and shoulder joint mobility scores increased in the order of Group C > Group B > Group A. The post-treatment effectiveness rates (χ2= 48.510, P< 0.001) also exhibited statistically significant differences, decreasing in the order of Group C (94.29%) > Group B (82.86%) > Group A (71.43%). CONCLUSION: The treatment efficacy of the combined acupuncture, traditional Chinese herb hot compress and rehabilitation training for SHS patients is significant, warranting its clinical promotion.

Downregulation of miR-337-3p in hypoxia/reoxygenation neuroblastoma cells increases KCTD11 expression.

Neurodegeneration is linked to the progressive loss of neural function and is associated with several diseases. Hypoxia is a hallmark in many of these diseases, and several therapies have been developed to treat this disease, including gene expression therapies that should be tightly controlled to avoid side effects. Cells experiencing hypoxia undergo a series of physiological responses that are induced by the activation of various transcription factors. Modulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression to alter transcriptional regulation has been demonstrated to be beneficial in treating multiple diseases, and in this study, we therefore explored potential miRNA candidates that could influence hypoxia-induced nerve cell death. Our data suggest that in mouse neuroblasts Neuro-2a cells with hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R), miR-337-3p is downregulated to increase the expression of Potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 11 (KCTD11) and subsequently promote apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that KCTD11 plays a role in the cellular response to hypoxia, and we also provide a possible regulatory mechanism by identifying the axis of miR-337-3p/KCTD11 as a promising candidate modulator of nerve cell survival after H/R exposure.

The mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between smartphone addiction and subjective well-being.

As smartphones become increasingly prevalent worldwide, the relationship between smartphone addiction and subjective well-being has become a focal point in academic circles. Prior research predominantly delved into the direct correlation between smartphone addiction and subjective well-being, yet there remains a dearth in exploring its underlying mechanisms. This study investigated the mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between smartphone addiction and subjective well-being among Chinese university students. Conducted across 16 universities in eight provinces and municipalities in China, this study encompassed 1527 university students. Data collection utilized scales measuring smartphone addiction, loneliness, and subjective well-being. The findings revealed that: (1) demographic variables such as place of origin, educational level, and family income influenced university students' subjective well-being; (2) a significant negative correlation existed between smartphone addiction and subjective well-being among university students, coupled with a significant positive correlation between smartphone addiction and loneliness, indicating the significant negative predictive effect of smartphone addiction on subjective well-being; (3) loneliness partially mediated the relationship between smartphone addiction and subjective well-being among university students, suggesting that smartphone addiction could directly impact university students' subjective well-being, or indirectly through its effect on loneliness.

Assessment of Sensory Processing Issues in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Experiences of Maltreatment.

This study aims to identify the sensory characteristics of children with both developmental disabilities such as ASD and ADHD and a history of child maltreatment (DM group), children with developmental disabilities (DD group), and typically developed children (TD group). The sensory characteristics of 24 children were assessed through virtual reality and self-administered questionnaires. The results elucidated that the duration of gazing at the "teacher" (60-75 s) was significantly different with the DM group's gaze being shorter than the DD group's gaze (p = 0.042). The duration of the "others" gaze (45-60 s) was also significantly different with the DM group's gaze being longer than the DD and TD groups' gaze (p = 0.018; p = 0.030). Additionally, the scores for tactile sensitivity, taste/smell sensitivity, under-responsive/seeks sensation, and the total short-term sensory profile were significantly different between the DM-DD and DD-TD groups. The scores of the heart rate perception test and Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness were significantly lower in the DM and DD groups. In conclusion, children who have experienced trauma and developmental disabilities may have different sensory characteristics than children with only developmental disabilities or none, implying the need for further research and tailored care.

Nanofabrications of Erythrocyte Membrane-Coated Telmisartan Delivery System Effective for Radiosensitivity of Tumor Cells in Mice Model.

Background: Radiation stimulates the secretion of tumor stroma and induces resistance, recurrence, and metastasis of stromal-vascular tumors during radiotherapy. The proliferation and activation of tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) are important reasons for the production of tumor stroma. Telmisartan (Tel) can inhibit the proliferation and activation of TAFs (resting TAFs), which may promote radiosensitization. However, Tel has a poor water solubility. Methods: In this study, self-assembled telmisartan nanoparticles (Tel NPs) were prepared by aqueous solvent diffusion method to solve the insoluble problem of Tel and achieve high drug loading of Tel. Then, erythrocyte membrane (ECM) obtained by hypotonic lysis was coated on the surface of Tel NPs (ECM/Tel) for the achievement of in vivo long circulation and tumor targeting. Immunofluorescence staining, western blot and other biological techniques were used to investigate the effect of ECM/Tel on TAFs activation inhibition (resting effect) and mechanisms involved. The multicellular spheroids (MCSs) model and mouse breast cancer cells (4T1) were constructed to investigate the effect of ECM/Tel on reducing stroma secretion, alleviating hypoxia, and the corresponding promoting radiosensitization effect in vitro. A mouse orthotopic 4T1 breast cancer model was constructed to investigate the radiosensitizing effect of ECM/Tel on inhibiting breast cancer growth and lung metastasis of breast cancer. Results: ECM/Tel showed good physiological stability and tumor-targeting ability. ECM/Tel could rest TAFs and reduce stroma secretion, alleviate hypoxia, and enhance penetration in tumor microenvironment. In addition, ECM/Tel arrested the cell cycle of 4T1 cells to the radiosensitive G2/M phase. In mouse orthotopic 4T1 breast cancer model, ECM/Tel played a superior role in radiosensitization and significantly inhibited lung metastasis of breast cancer. Conclusion: ECM/Tel showed synergistical radiosensitization effect on both the tumor microenvironment and tumor cells, which is a promising radiosensitizer in the radiotherapy of stroma-vascular tumors.

Gender Differences in the Association between Psychological Distress and Sociability among Older Adult Survivors: Cross-Sectional Survey Four Years after the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake in Japan.

Mental health deterioration after a disaster is a concern. Individuals' sociability is expected to relate to the risk of this deterioration; however, research focusing on older adults is lacking. We aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological distress and sociability in older adults who survived the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake. We conducted a self-reported questionnaire survey in 2020. Data on 3,588 people aged 65 years and over (2,024 women and 1,564 men, mean age 74.6 ± 7.2, mean ± standard deviation) were analyzed. The overall prevalence of psychological distress (the Kessler psychological distress scale: K6 ≧ 10) was 10.5%; by gender, it was 11.2% in women and 9.5% in men. Logistic regression analysis revealed that, in the total sample, age, gender, public housing, reduction in income resulting from the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, self-rated unhealthy conditions, subjective social isolation, and a lack of awareness of community events were positively associated with psychological distress. For women, a lack of community participation was positively related to psychological distress. For men, not knowing the change in school district after relocation was negatively associated with psychological distress, probably due to men's scarce community participation and reliance on friendships, compared to women's stronger dependence on community. Moreover, having a family member or friend to consult with was associated with a lower risk of psychological distress, regardless of gender. Gender differences were related to different conditions of social participation and types of social relationships. Enhancing community participation and family relationships among women and social contact with friends among men is essential.

A one-two punch targeting reactive oxygen species and fibril for rescuing Alzheimer's disease.

Toxic amyloid-beta (Aß) plaque and harmful inflammation are two leading symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, precise AD therapy is unrealizable due to the lack of dual-targeting therapy function, poor BBB penetration, and low imaging sensitivity. Here, we design a near-infrared-II aggregation-induced emission (AIE) nanotheranostic for precise AD therapy. The anti-quenching emission at 1350 nm accurately monitors the in vivo BBB penetration and specifically binding of nanotheranostic with plaques. Triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS), two encapsulated therapeutic-type AIE molecules are controllably released to activate a self-enhanced therapy program. One specifically inhibits the Aß fibrils formation, degrades Aß fibrils, and prevents the reaggregation via multi-competitive interactions that are verified by computational analysis, which further alleviates the inflammation. Another effectively scavenges ROS and inflammation to remodel the cerebral redox balance and enhances the therapy effect, together reversing the neurotoxicity and achieving effective behavioral and cognitive improvements in the female AD mice model.

Relationship between sleep quality and subjective well-being: resilience as a mediator and belief in a just world as a moderator.

Background/Purpose: Sleep quality significantly impacts subjective well-being, yet its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown from a scholarly perspective. Existing research has inadequately addressed the relationship between sleep quality and the subjective well-being of College students. This study primarily investigates the influence of sleep quality on the subjective well-being of College students and explores the mediating role of resilience and the moderating role of belief in a just world. Methods: The study sample comprises 3349 enrolled College students. Measures include the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Subjective Well-being Scale, resilience scale, and belief in a just world scale. A moderated mediation model is employed to verify the mediating role of resilience and the moderating role of belief in a just world. Results: (1) Sleep quality among College students is significantly positively correlated with resilience, belief in a just world, and subjective well-being. (2) Sleep quality positively predicts subjective well-being among College students. Resilience among College students serves as a mediator between sleep quality and subjective well-being, while belief in a just world moderates the influence of resilience on subjective well-being. Conclusion: The results suggest that sleep quality can directly enhance the subjective well-being of College students and can also indirectly affect it through resilience. Additionally, belief in a just world can enhance the promoting effect of resilience on the subjective well-being of College students. These findings may contribute to understanding the impact of sleep quality on the subjective well-being of College students and its pathways. These research findings can serve as a reference for improving the subjective well-being of College students.

[Analysis of a Chinese pedigree affected with Hereditary coagulation factor â « deficiency due to compound heterozygous variants of F12 gene].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical phenotypes and genetic variants of a Chinese pedigree affected with Hereditary coagulation factor Ⅻ (FⅫ) deficiency. METHODS: A pedigree presented at the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University on December 24,2021 was selected as the study subject. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and coagulation factor Ⅻ activity (FⅫ:C) were determine by a clotting method, and FⅫ antigen was detected with an ELISA assay. Following the extraction of genomic DNA, all exons and flanking regions of the F12 gene were subjected to Sanger sequencing. Clustalx-2.1-win, PROVEAN and Swiss-PDB Viewer software was used to analyze the conservation of amino acids at the variant sites, impact of of the variants on the amino acid substitutions and the protein structure. RESULTS: The APTT of the proband has prolonged to 70.2 s. Her FⅫ:C and FⅫ:Ag have decreased to 12% and 13%, respectively. DNA sequencing revealed that the proband has harbored c.346G>A (p.Gly97Ser) and c.1583C>A (p.Ser509Tyr) heterozygous compound missense variants in exons 5 and 13 of the F12 gene, respectively. Her father and sister were heterozygous carriers for the c.346G>A (p.Gly97Ser) variant, whilst her mother and brother were heterozygous for the c.1583C>A (p.Ser509Tyr) variant. CONCLUSION: The c.346G>A (p.Gly97Ser) and c.1583C>A (p.Ser509Tyr) compound heterozygous variants of the F12 gene probably underlay the pathogenesis of hereditary coagulation FⅫ deficiency in this pedigree.

The psychometric property of a short-form of the Social Axioms Survey (SAS II).

BACKGROUND: Social Axioms are generalized beliefs and broad assumptions about the world, guiding behaviors across various social situations. Social Axioms are usually assessed by Social Axioms Survey II (SAS II). Nevertheless, the length of the scale may limit its usefulness in studies with strict time constraint. The present study aimed at developing a shorter version. METHODS: A survey was conducted among 455 college students. First, we performed psychometric evaluation on the full item version of SAS II to identify items with superior psychometric properties for a brief version of SAS II. Second, we validated the psychometric properties of the brief version of SAS II. RESULTS: A 20-item version of SAS II (SAS II-20) was developed, and it demonstrated adequate reliability and validity. The correlations between SAS II-20 and personality variables, cognitive flexibility, interpersonal trust, locus of control, and paranormal beliefs were consistent with past studies. CONCLUSIONS: SAS II-20 is psychometrically acceptable and provides a time-efficient measurement tool for investigating social beliefs.

Mesenchymal stem cells paracrine proteins from three-dimensional dynamic culture system promoted wound healing in third-degree burn models.

Recovery of skin function remains a significant clinical challenge for deep burns owing to the severe scar formation and poor appendage regeneration, and stem cell therapy has shown great potential for injured tissue regeneration. Here, a cell-free therapy system for deep burn skin was explored using mesenchymal stem cell paracrine proteins (MSC-PP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) temperature-sensitive hydrogels. A three-dimensional (3D) dynamic culture system for MSCs' large-scale expansion was established using a porous gelatin microcarrier crosslinked with hyaluronic acid (PGM-HA), and the purified MSC-PP from culture supernatant was characterized by mass spectrometric analysis. The results showed the 3D dynamic culture system regulated MSCs cell cycle, reduced apoptosis, and decreased lactic acid content, and the MSC-PP produced in 3D group can promote cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion. The MSC-PP + PEG system maintained stable release in 28 days of observation in vitro. The in vivo therapeutic efficacy was investigated in the rabbit's third-degree burn model, and saline, PEG, MSC-PP, and MSC-PP + PEG treatments groups were set. The in vivo results showed that the MSC-PP + PEG group significantly improved wound healing, inhibited scar formation, and facilitated skin appendage regeneration. In conclusion, the MSC-PP + PEG sustained-release system provides a potentially effective treatment for deep burn skin healing.

The relationship between self-control and mental health problems among Chinese university students.

Background: Mental health issues are often associated with poor self-control. Therefore, effective interventions against mental health problems should include self-control training. However, it is unclear whether the effect of self-control varies across different types of mental health problems. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the convenience sampling method at five universities in Chongqing, China, where 1,409 students reported their demographic information, level of self-control, and symptoms of irritability, depression, and anxiety. Descriptive statistical methods and a network analysis approach were employed to explore the relationship between self-control and symptoms of irritability, depression, and anxiety among 1,409 students. The bridging links between self-control and the three mental health problems were analyzed. Results: The findings revealed a negative correlation between self-control and symptoms of irritability, depression, and anxiety among university students. Impulse control was found to be the bridge between self-control and irritability or anxiety symptoms, while resistance to temptation was the bridge between self-control and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the different relationship between self-control with irritability, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. The findings of this study may shed light on future mental health interventions for university students during potential public health emergencies, such as prior knowledge of the main types of psychological problems among university students, which may allow for the development of precise self-control intervention strategies, such as targeting impulsivity or resistance to temptation.

The impact of innovative behaviors on academic misconduct among graduate students: a mediated moderation model.

Introduction: Academic misconduct among graduate students poses a significant challenge in graduate education. This study aims to explore the impact of innovative behavior on graduate student academic misconduct and its underlying mechanisms. Methods: A survey was conducted on 677 graduate students currently enrolled in Beijing universities to assess their innovative behavior, academic misconduct, academic anxiety, employment confidence, educational levels, among other factors. The study analyzed the mediating roles of academic anxiety, employment confidence, and educational levels in the relationship between innovative behavior and graduate student academic misconduct. Results: Graduate student innovative behavior exerts a negative predictive effect on academic misconduct, with a stronger emphasis on innovative behavior associated with a reduced likelihood of academic misconduct. Academic anxiety plays a mediating role in the relationship between graduate student innovative behavior and academic misconduct. Educational levels and employment confidence each play moderating roles in the latter stages of the mediation effects concerning graduate student innovative behavior, academic anxiety, and academic misconduct. Conclusion: This study reveals the mediating role of academic anxiety in the relationship between innovative behavior and graduate student academic misconduct. It also identifies the moderating roles of employment confidence and educational levels. These findings deepen our understanding of the relationship between innovative behavior and graduate student academic misconduct and are conducive to preventing such misconduct among graduate students.

The seewo interactive whiteboard (IWB) for ESL teaching: How useful it is?

The perceived usefulness (PU) of a technology is critical for its final adoption; however, what makes an interactive whiteboard (IWB) perceived useful remains unclear. This study aims to investigate how pre-service teachers perceive the usefulness of Seewo interactive whiteboards for ESL (English-as-a-second-language) instruction. We recruited 80 pre-service ESL teachers, divided them into 16 groups, provided five weeks of training, and conducted focus group interviews to gather qualitative feedback. The data were analyzed using grounded theory techniques with the aid of the software Nvivo. Three research questions were addressed: how pre-service ESL teachers perceive the usefulness of Seewo IWB in terms of its functions that enhance the learning process (PU-process), how they perceive the usefulness of Seewo IWB in terms of its functions that improve learning outcomes (PU-outcome), and how they perceive the non-usefulness of Seewo IWB. The findings shed light on the determinants of the perceived usefulness (PU) concept, which is crucial for fostering a higher intention to accept technology.

Electrochemical selenium-catalyzed para-amination of N-aryloxyamides: access to polysubstituted aminophenols.

Aminophenols are a class of important compounds with various pharmacological activities such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, and antibacterial activities. Herein, we introduce a mild and efficient electrochemical selenium-catalyzed strategy to synthesize polysubstituted aminophenols. High atom efficiency and transition metal-free and oxidant-free conditions are the striking features of this protocol. By merging electrochemical and organoselenium-catalyzed processes, the intramolecular rearrangement of N-aryloxyamides produces para-amination products at room temperature in a simple undivided cell.

Identification of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-related prognostic risk model with excellent prognostic and clinical value in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Recently, endoplasmic reticulum stress related gene (ERS) markers have performed very well in predicting the prognosis of tumor patients. METHODS: The differentially expressed genes in Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) were obtained from TCGA and GTEx database. Three prognosis-related and differentially expressed ERSs were screened out by Least Absolute Selection and Shrinkage Operator (Lasso) regression to construct a prognostic risk model. Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC), riskplots and survival curves were used to verify the model's accuracy in predicting prognosis. Multi-omics analysis of immune infiltration, gene mutation, and stem cell characteristics were performed to explore the possible mechanism of OSCC. Finally, we discussed the model's clinical application value from the perspective of drug sensitivity. RESULTS: Three genes used in the model (IBSP, RDM1, RBP4) were identified as prognostic risk factors. Bioinformatics analysis, tissue and cell experiments have fully verified the abnormal expression of these three genes in OSCC. Multiple validation methods and internal and external datasets confirmed the model's excellent performance in predicting and discriminating prognosis. Cox regression analysis identified risk score as an independent predictor of prognosis. Multi-omics analysis found strong correlations between risk scores and immune cells, cell stemness index, and tumor mutational burden (TMB). It was also observed that the risk score was closely related to the half maximal inhibitory concentration of docetaxel, gefitinib and erlotinib. The excellent performance of the nomogram has been verified by various means. CONCLUSION: A prognostic model with high clinical application value was constructed. Immune cells, cellular stemness, and TMB may be involved in the progression of OSCC.

Stabilization of Essential Oil: Polysaccharide-Based Drug Delivery System with Plant-like Structure Based on Biomimetic Concept.

Essential oils (EOs) have stability problems, including volatility, oxidation, photosensitivity, heat sensitivity, humidity sensitivity, pH sensitivity, and ion sensitivity. A drug delivery system is an effective way to stabilize EOs, especially due to the protective effect of polymeric drug carriers. Polysaccharides are frequently employed as drug carrier materials because they are highly safe, come in a variety of forms, and have plentiful sources. Interestingly, the EO drug delivery system is based on the biomimetic concept since it corresponds to the structure of plant tissue. In this paper, we associate the biomimetic plant-like structures of the EO drug delivery system with the natural forms of EO in plant tissues, and summarize the characteristics of polysaccharide-based drug carriers for EO protection. Thus, we highlight the research progress on polysaccharides and their modified materials, including gum arabic, starch, cellulose, chitosan, sodium alginate, pectin, and pullulan, and their use as biomimetic drug carriers for EO preparations due to their abilities and potential for EO protection.

Suppression of Autophagy Can Augment PIK3 Inhibitor Induced Apoptosis in T Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Lines.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the PI3K inhibitor PX-866 or PI-103 combined with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) on the apoptosis of T lymphoblastic leukemia cells. METHODS: The proliferation and apoptosis of T lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines were detected by CCK-8 and flow cytometer. The expression of proteins was measured by western blot. The effect of PI3K inhibitors combined with 3-MA on the number of autophagosomes was detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: We found PX-866 and PI-103 treatment reduced cell viability while increasing apoptosis in CCRF-CEM and Jurkat cells, which was further enhanced when combined with 3-MA. The phosphorylation levels of AKT and mTOR were suppressed by PX-866 or PI-103, which were reversed by 3-MA. Further, the expression of LC3, ATG5, ATG12 and Beclin-1 was upregulated by PX-866 or PI-103 and downregulated by 3-MA. TEM results revealed that the number of autophagosome was increased by PX-866 or PI-103 treatment, which was reversed by 3-MA. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated that 3-MA could suppress PI3K inhibitor-mediated activation of autophagy to promote the apoptosis of tumor cells. This discovery provided experimental support for constituting a promising strategy for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) therapy.